On Environmental Problems Analysis and Countermeasure Research of China Heavy Chemical Industry Development
Introduction During the 22 years from 1978 to 2000, China's industrial output value in cDP increased by two percentage points. Since 2000, the industrial output value has maintained a double-digit growth rate. In the first three quarters of 2003, the growth rate reached 11.8%. The proportion of industry increased from 50.2% in 2000 to 51.8% in 2002, and jumped to 57.5% in the first half of 2003. At the same time, the proportion of agriculture has continued to decline, while the proportion of services is in a state of volatility.
Since 2002, China's macroeconomic growth has been rapid, residents' income has continued to rise, consumption structure has jumped to a new level, and consumer hot spots such as automobiles and real estate have continued to be hot. Driven by the upgrading of residents' consumption structure and the rapid development of urbanization, China has formed a large number of high-growth “industrial groups†driven by the rapid development of urbanization, and its proportion and contribution to the national economy continue to rise. There are obvious characteristics of heavy industrialization.
1. The development trend of heavy chemical industry in China's industrial structure In 1999, the growth rate of heavy industry in China exceeded that of light industry by one percentage point. That is, since this year, new changes have taken place in China's industrial structure, and there has been a trend towards re-industrialization. In 2000, China's economy experienced a turning point. The growth rate of heavy industry was 3.5 percentage points higher than that of light industry, and in 2003 it rose to 4 percentage points. At the same time, in the added value of industries above designated size, the proportion of heavy industry has soared from 53.8% in 1997 to 64.3% in 2003, close to the 1960 record (66.6%). According to the "Economic Daily" report, from January to November 2003, the six major industries including petroleum, automobile, power, metallurgy, electronics, and chemical industry realized a profit of 391.4 billion yuan, accounting for 54% of the total industrial profit. The increased profit is 128.1 billion yuan, accounting for 57.3% of the newly increased profits of the entire industry. More than half of the total profit and profit increase were created by these six industries, for the first time in history. All of these fully show the characteristics of the heavy chemical industry in the current Chinese industrial structure. Many experts believe that China's heavy industrialization era has arrived.
2. The ecological and environmental problems caused by heavy industrialization The rapid development of the heavy chemical industry characterized by "three highs" (high material consumption, high energy consumption, high pollution) has promoted economic development, but it has also brought environmental protection and ecological construction to China. There is huge pressure. Pan Yue, deputy director of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China, said in a speech at the 16th Congress of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Record Association that at present, China's nationwide pollution emissions and resource development have exceeded environmental carrying capacity. One is serious environmental pollution. According to data from 2003, 90% of the river sections flowing through the city were severely polluted; 75% of the lakes were eutrophic; nearly 300 million rural people drank unqualified water. Nearly one-third of the country ’s urban population lives in a severely polluted air environment; acid rain areas account for about one-third of the country ’s land area; the national annual volume of urban garbage removal is 149 million tons, only half of which is treated harmlessly ; The disposal rate of industrial hazardous materials is only 32%; Second, the ecological environment is still deteriorating. The area of ​​desertified land is increasing at a rate of 3,436 square kilometers per year; the number of forests is increasing and the quality is decreasing, and natural forests are less than 10%; more than 90% of the natural grasslands in the country are degraded and are still increasing at a rate of 2 million hectares each year; The rate exceeds the international ecological warning line (30% -40%), the ecological function of the river basin is seriously dysfunctional; groundwater is overexploited seriously, and a large-scale underground funnel appears in the North China Plain, covering an area of ​​70,000 square kilometers, causing a series of ecological crises such as land subsidence; The number of coastal red tides in 2003 increased threefold over the 1980s; 10 to 15% of higher plant species are in endangered status; the loss of species resources is serious; the invasion of alien species causes 120 billion yuan in economic losses each year. The third is that the old problems have not been solved, and new problems have emerged. At present, the peak period of household appliance scrapping in China is coming, and simple dismantling has caused serious pollution; the area of ​​cultivated land polluted by industrial "three wastes" has reached 150 million mu, accounting for 8.3% of the cultivated land in the country; the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is too large. The agricultural non-point source pollution is prominent, and the safety of agricultural products is affected; the rapid growth of motor vehicles in large cities is facing the threat of photochemical smog.
On January 27, 2005, in Davos, Switzerland, the "Environmental Sustainability Index" (ESl) for evaluating the environmental quality of countries (regions) in the world was officially released. This environmental index was completed in cooperation with environmental experts from Yale University and Columbia University in the United States, and was published jointly with the Davos World Economic Forum. The evaluation results show that, among the 144 countries and regions in the world, it is the 14th lowest in the world. When the index was first released in 2002, China ranked 129th out of 142 countries and regions in the world, and also 14th in the bottom of the world. The results of this assessment indicate that China ’s environmental quality has deteriorated considerably
3. Economic analysis of environmental problems in the development of China ’s heavy industry The excessive destruction of the environment, that is, the abuse of environmental resources, the essence of economics lies in: the cost of using environmental resources is often highly externalized, that is, economic individuals who abuse environmental resources (enterprises ) Does not pay or pay less, therefore, environmental resources are available to economic individuals for free or at low prices. In this way, the failure of the price mechanism will inevitably lead to the waste and destruction of environmental resources.
In theory, if there is an institutional arrangement that can fully internalize environmental costs, that is, any economic entity must pay the full environmental costs, and all the costs of environmental damage are fully borne by the destroyer, then the phenomenon of environmental damage will be attributed to "environment The market price of resources. Then, as long as the price of environmental resources has sufficient flexibility to float upwards, in principle, no intolerable environmental damage will occur, because severe damage to the environment must pay high prices until economic individuals are unable to pay or lose the gains. In this sense, it can also be said that the cause of environmental damage is because the environmental damagers have not been fully paid, or the environmental damagers have evaded the responsibility of payment. In fact, they have "stealed" the public environmental resources without being affected. Due punishment. Of course, if, in terms of systems or policies, acquiescing or even allowing economic individuals to use environmental resources free of charge or at a low price, resulting in environmental damage, it is actually allowed to "legal misappropriation" of public resources, or "legitimately" provide free or low-priced public resources And benefit economic individuals.
Fourth, the development of circular economy-China's solution to the environmental problems of heavy chemical industry According to estimates, China as the world's largest developing country, its golden period of rapid and stable growth can continue at least until 2010. However, due to the increasingly complete production system of China's heavy chemical industry, its industrial chain is infinitely extended. At present, its resource demand has shown a comprehensive and explosive growth. China's development during this period had neither conditions nor permission to occupy the world-wide resources and environmental capacity enjoyed by industrialized countries at that time. As a result, contradictions affecting China's economic and environmental policy choices, that is, the contradiction between the requirements of rapid and stable economic growth and limited resources and environmental support capabilities, have emerged. This objectively requires us to change the mode of economic growth and adopt a circular economy model to develop the Chinese economy.
"Circular economy" can be traced back to the concept of "Spaceship Economy" by American economist Kenneth Boulding. It is based on the efficient use of resources and recycling, with low consumption, The low-emission, high-efficiency rate is a basic characteristic and an economic growth model that is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. It is a fundamental change to the linear economic growth model of "high material consumption, high consumption, high emissions, and low utilization." In the circular economy model, through the feedback cycle of "resources-products-waste-renewable resources", you can use the smallest possible resource consumption and environmental costs to obtain the greatest possible economic and social benefits, thereby making the economy The system is harmoniously incorporated into the material circulation process of the natural ecosystem, and the ecologicalization of economic activities is implemented. It can be seen that the circular economy not only eliminates the "external uneconomic" effect, but also improves the efficiency of resource and energy use, can solve regional and structural environmental pollution, and reflects the unification of economic, environmental and social benefits. Obviously, for the sustainable development of China's heavy chemical industry, the circular economy is an ideal economic-environment relationship model.
1. Establishing a green technology innovation policy system is the leading supporting force for the development of circular economy. Technology is the carrier of circular economy and an important support for solving industrial economic development and environmental protection and promoting the development of circular economy. Reducing, recycling, recycling and harmlessness of the circular economy, the implementation of each principle cannot be separated from advanced processing and conversion technologies, nor can these advanced carriers-facilities and equipment be developed and updated . It can be said that technology is the decisive factor for the heavy and chemical industry to implement the circular economy model. Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, vigorously develop "green technology" and establish a "green technology" system: environmentally sound technologies, resource technologies, cleaner production technologies, etc. Transform resource consumption from high growth to low growth as soon as possible; transform pollutant emissions from positive growth to zero growth, and then to negative growth, alleviate the resource constraint contradiction and the great pressure of the environment from the source, and achieve low investment, high utilization and low pollution aims. Therefore, we must intensify technology research and development, adopt various preferential and incentive policies, encourage research and design of targeted and operable technical routes and programs suitable for the heavy chemical industry to achieve a circular economy, and promote the early transformation of scientific and technological achievements into reality productive forces.
2. Establish and improve the market-based institutional system as soon as possible. The implementation of the recycling industry of heavy chemical industry relies on technology and system-based, and in the final analysis, a market-based system should be established. For a country such as China that has long been dominated by a planned economy and has a hard time returning to its consciousness of planned economy, such a country that is transitioning to a market economy but is still far from successful More important. It is the system that can build the bridge between technology and market. With the help of the market, the system can generate funds and promote technological innovation; it can screen technologies and standardize the direction of technological development: it can create conditions for the implementation and promotion of new technologies and open up the way
The system construction of the circular economy of the heavy chemical industry should include the following:
(1) Formulate industrial policies that emphasize resource utilization efficiency and environmental protection. In terms of investment policies and project choices, encouragement and restriction of investment direction, tilt to the direction of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrade, accelerate the adjustment of economic structure and layout and the new combination and integration of production technology and technology, and develop heavy industrial ecology Chain, build an industrial ecological park, and build a heavy and chemical industry circular economy industrial system. As the circular economy has various characteristics such as cross-enterprise, cross-sector, cross-industry, cross-region, etc., in the era of heavy chemical industry, the implementation of the circular economy in the mainstream industrial sector and the basic industrial sector will lead to the phenomenon of "circular economic enterprise clusters" , Such as a circular economy enterprise cluster centered on power plant desulfurization. Therefore, according to the principles of industrial ecology, the government should actively formulate corresponding policies to transform the current heavy chemical industry system and build industrial ecological parks. For example, Suzhou High-tech Zone has implemented the green investment promotion policy to promote the construction of eco-industrial park on the basis of the formation of the prototype of eco-industrial. Suzhou Hi-tech Zone conducts green investment evaluation of human park enterprises, introduces green enterprises with high starting point, high standards and high levels, so that each enterprise can adopt the principles of low materialization, recycling, multi-level utilization, ecological chain and clean production It constitutes the whole organic ecological industrial system.
(2) Establish and improve a policy and regulation system that promotes the development of circular economy. This is an important guarantee for the implementation of the development of circular economy. The legislative process of the Circular Economy Promotion Law should be accelerated, and special regulations for the development of a circular economy should be formulated, and policies and laws and regulations on resource recycling and utilization of green consumption, resource recycling, and heavy chemical industries such as home appliances, construction materials, and packaging materials should be formulated. Establish and improve various waste recycling systems; establish a green GDP economic accounting system, and design a set of economic index systems that are directly based on basic social needs and help promote the effective use and protection of the natural environment. It is necessary to deepen reforms to form institutional conditions and policy environments conducive to the development of circular economy.
(3) Establish an effective environmental tax legal system and an incentive mechanism to promote circular production and consumption. The environmental tax law internalizes neglected social costs and costs, forcing market players to pay attention to ecological and environmental issues. The environmental tax based on the principle of "whoever pollutes, who is responsible" reflects the social costs resulting from the pollution of the ecological environment and the consumption of natural resources into goods and services, so that those polluters that pose a danger to the environment Increased costs, so as to closely link environmental protection and effective use of resources with the economic interests of each producer and consumer. Under the guidance of economic interests, companies are encouraged to actively choose production methods and processes that are conducive to environmental protection. Consumers Under the guidance of the price mechanism, it chose non-polluting commodities for "green consumption". Comprehensive use of financial and taxation, investment, credit, price and other policy instruments and fines, Security deposits, waste disposal fees and other economic instruments, through the market incentive mechanism to internalize external costs, thereby regulating and influencing the behavior of market entities, promoting independent efforts to establish Consciously save resources and protect the environment.
(4) Increasing the publicity of circular economy education, enhancing the environmental awareness of the whole society, advocating and implementing green lifestyles and production methods that save resources and energy. The successful implementation of circular economy, in addition to the market mechanism, legal protection, and policy guidance, is to a large extent related to social lifestyle. When the circular economy becomes an important part of the environmental awareness of the whole society, on the one hand, people will consciously use the products of the circular economy as their consumption choices, on the other hand, they will dispose of domestic waste in a manner that best meets the production requirements, so that they Become a resource in the circular economy. Therefore, institutionalizing social support for the circular economy is also a necessary and important condition for the successful implementation of the circular economy.
Conclusion Entering the 21st century, China's heavy chemical industry has developed rapidly, and its achievements have attracted worldwide attention. However, due to the rapid development of China's heavy chemical industry to a large extent, China has also paid a huge resource and environmental price for this. As the level of economic development continues to increase, society is paying more and more attention to resources and the environment, and the standards are becoming higher and higher. Resources and the environment are increasingly restricting the rapid development of China's heavy chemical industry. Under such circumstances, China's heavy chemical industry "establishes a scientific outlook on development" and "takes a new road to industrialization." Choosing a circular economy development model is its rational policy expression and realistic choice.
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