(Reporter Yu Fei Xu Haitao Zhou Lin) In the laboratory of the Quantum Information Institute and the Quantum Technology Innovation Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai, the three-square-meter experiment rig seems to be totally inconspicuous, densely covered with large and small lenses and weird eyes. The device, some of the wires hanging from the upper bracket, next to a single instrument issued a "click" sound.
This is the Chinese quantum computer "baby" that has been bred by nearly 20 scientific researchers for more than four years. It is also the world's first light quantum computer that surpasses the earlier classical computers. It was only made public in the world in early May.
The principle on which quantum computing is based is the most bizarre quantum entanglement in the microscopic world. For the ancients, modern electronic technology was like witchcraft, and the quantum computing that opened the future technology engine is not in the eyes of today's people.
Making photons that God cannot distinguish
Professor Zhaoyang Zhao, a 34-year-old professor at the beginning of this light-embedded quantum computer, has short haircuts. The glasses can't hide the bright eyes. People call him a "sorcerer" who manipulates photons. ".
China Quantum Computer Development Roadmap. (Respondents for the map)
“The world cannot find two leaves that are exactly the same, but we can create two identical photons that can be jokingly said to be indistinguishable from God. Quantum mechanics is called 'identical,' and the two separate photons are just the same. In order to allow them to produce quantum interference, and then entangled, or two photons who ignore them." Lu Chaoyang said.
The photon that God cannot distinguish also originates from a single photon source. The chirping chiller provides a single-photon source with a low temperature of minus 269 degrees Celsius.
“Our single photon here is currently the best overall performance in the world, with an isomorphism ratio of 99.5% and an efficiency that is more than 10 times higher than that of the second largest in the world. This is because we innovated in 2013 an innovative method that can be large. The noise is reduced in amplitude, and the single photon produced by foreign technology is like a pair of muddy twins, and you can distinguish them by the mud on them, and the photon we make is like washing the twins clean and you can tell No more than them," Lu Chaoyang said.
These photons ran between the lenses on the lab bench and passed through more than 10 wave plates. After changing the polarization information, they were introduced into a key device, the multi-path beam splitter, which is equivalent to the CPU of this light quantum computer. Here, the "witches" manipulate the photons.
Those mirrors, wave plates, beam splitters, and other weird components that appear to line up and down are actually designed and assembled by the “witchesâ€.
“The efficiency of our ultra-low-loss quantum circuits was designed to reach 99%, while the quantum efficiency of other international research groups is only 30%,†said Lu Zhaoyang.
Lu Chaoyang and students discussed the operation of the light quantum computer. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Jin Liwang)
Since the birth of this "baby", only one thing has been done: playing a game called "Bose sampling". This is a game that scientists have designed specifically for the competition between quantum computers and classic computers.
Facing the ups and downs of the spectrum on the display, the “sorcerer†said: “We only manipulated five entangled photons. It defeated the early classical computers.†And “Wizards†can manipulate 10 at the end of 2016 Entangling photons creates a new world record. They plan to implement about 20 qubits by the end of this year.
“Although this light-quantum computer is not as powerful as your mobile phone, it is a milestone. In the history of humankind, the first electronic computer had a few houses. Today we see it is worthless, but it is very important. The scientific significance of science, from science to technology, and then to application, must be followed step by step." Lu Chaoyang said that when the automobile was first invented, its performance was not reliable, and there was no convenient and comfortable carriage. However, with the development of technology, the car eventually exceeds the carriage.
Finding the way to "Roman"
Lu Chaoyang’s tutor and academician Pan Jianwei of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been working on microscopic particles for more than 20 years. His team's recent breakthrough in quantum computing has benefited from advances in single-photon sources and ultra-low-loss quantum circuits. “Our early roads were very difficult, but now we are getting faster and faster. This means that quantum computing research is like springing up to the point of explosive growth.â€
Due to the enormous potential value of quantum computing, European and American countries as well as some large high-tech companies such as Google, Microsoft, and IBM are all making great efforts to study. How to achieve quantum computing, scientists are trying a lot of programs, light quantum is just one of them.
Professor Zhu Xiaobo, a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China who is engaged in superconducting quantum computing research, said: “The countries I know have made great efforts to make seven or eight paths. Several research teams in China are on different paths.â€
"Now no one knows which of the last technology routes can make a quantum computer that is truly practical. It is possible that all roads lead to Rome and they can be made in several directions, but the solution is different. There may be different types. There is also the possibility that a dark horse may be killed from a path nobody knows one day," Zhu Xiaobo said.
Currently, the Pan Jianwei team is advancing in three directions: light quanta, ultra-cold atoms and superconductors.
Pan Jianwei said that the light quantum system is a traditional Chinese advantage. But the fastest possible real value may be the ultra-cold atomic system. “It may take another year or two for our laboratory to achieve 400 atoms of coherent maneuvers, which will be a huge improvement.â€
Quantum computer research experimental device. (Respondents for the map)
The superconducting quantum computing technology path can not be ignored. Companies such as Google and IBM have made huge investments in this area. “This is because the superconducting quantum system has very good integrability and coherence. Its power consumption is much smaller than that of a classical supercomputer and it can be almost ignored. In this regard, China also has mature technology.†Pan Jianwei said Different research teams should collaborate on innovation and learn from each other.
Pan Jianwei predicts that by 2020, China is expected to develop a superconducting quantum computer with about 50 qubits, surpassing the current most powerful supercomputer and achieving "quantum dominance."
Another "Baby" in Breeding
In another laboratory of the Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation Institute, superconducting quantum computers are also being bred. Contrary to the unraveling of light and quantum computers, the core components of superconducting quantum computers are wrapped in cylindrical cans that are over a meter high. There was also a cry from the chiller, but the superconducting quantum computer needed a lower ambient temperature, reaching 273.15 degrees Celsius below zero.
As one of its main developers, Zhu Xiaobo said that in cooperation with Professor Wang Haohua and Lu Chaoyang and Pan Jianwei of Zhejiang University, he developed superconducting quantum chips with the largest number of entanglement (ie, 10 bits) in the world using superconducting materials.
The fingernail-sized chip is located at the bottom of a cylindrical canister. The giant canister is designed to provide the cryogenic, extremely low-noise environment that the chip requires.
Zhu Xiaobo believes that the current system cannot be called a superconducting quantum computer. He wants to be able to make platforms and interfaces that people can visit. "Quantum computers are brand new. How to calculate them is not clear to many of the top scientists. We hope to have 10 qubit demonstration machines by the end of this year."
He said that the most difficult task at present is how to improve the precision of quantum chip operations. Quantum chips are very fragile systems. The energy of butterfly flapping wings is trillions of times more than the energy used to manipulate quantum. Therefore, it is very important to shield the environment noise caused by vibration and electromagnetic waves. "What's particularly difficult to do is to shield the noise while increasing the number of qubits to be manipulated."
Pan Jianwei believes that Chinese scientists can do 100 qubit manipulations within 10 years. In this way, quantum computers with practical value can be developed in some ways. Its computing power can reach millions of times the sum of computing power in the world.
Zhu Xiaobo introduced superconducting quantum computer chips. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Jin Liwang)
There is no end to human demand for computing power. When the first classical computer was first introduced, Thomas Watson, the founder of IBM, said that only five computers are needed in the world. But now everyone needs at least one.
So will everyone have a quantum computer in the future?
Pan Jianwei predicts that there are tens or thousands of quantum computers in the world. "But I certainly don't need a home in my house. It's very hard to make cell phones and laptops cool. But I can use cloud computing to send tasks that need to be calculated to the cloud through quantum communication."
“Traditional computers can already be considered as a very good problem. We do not need to use quantum computers. We have to solve problems that classic computers can't solve, such as deciphering passwords, weather forecasts, and drug design. Quantum computing can also promote artificial intelligence. Research." Pan Jianwei said: "If there is a universal quantum computer in the future, it is still hard to say. It may be that the future quantum computer is not the same as what we now imagine."
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