In 1879, Edison invented incandescent lamps, which marked the era of human lighting from the illumination of lighting into the era of electrical lighting. Since the birth of incandescent lamps, it has been more than 130 years. With the advancement of technology, lighting sources are constantly moving towards more efficient energy-saving. In the 1930s, Dutch scientists developed the first fluorescent lamp. On the basis of this, in the 1980s, compact fluorescent lamps were developed. Because of their energy saving and long life, incandescent lamps quickly occupied the market, and incandescent lamps entered. Phase-out phase. Since the 1940s, scientists have successively developed high-intensity gas discharge lamps represented by high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps. Due to their high efficiency and high power density, they have been used in outdoor lighting, road lighting and commercial lighting. And other fields are widely used.
In the 1960s, Hewlett-Packard Company of the United States first mass-produced red LED products. After nearly half a century of development, semiconductor lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is widely used because of its low power consumption, long life, fast response, small size, rich color, and dynamic control. Indoor and outdoor lighting, large-size LCD backlight display, medical, transportation and other fields have become another lighting technology revolution after incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps, opening a new era of lighting.
LED technology is maturing
At present, lighting consumption in developed countries accounts for about 20% of its total electricity consumption, and the potential for saving electricity is considerable. In the context of the increasing pressure on the world's energy crisis and energy conservation and emission reduction, the world's major developed countries have increased their support and attention to semiconductor lighting from the national strategic level, and have given strong support in policy, such as the development of semiconductor lighting technology and Industrial development planning, accelerate the elimination plan of high-energy-consumption lighting sources such as incandescent lamps, introduce policies for demonstration application and promotion, attach importance to and actively promote the process of testing and standardization, and seize the dominant position in the industry.
In 2010, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan put "bulb-type LED lights" into the environmental protection points system to support, and clearly stated that by 2015, the market share of LED lighting products will reach 50%, and by 2020, the market share of LED lighting products will reach 100%. The South Korean government listed solar energy, semiconductor lighting, and hybrid vehicles as the three engines of green growth. It is proposed that by 2012, the replacement rate of government office lighting LED products will reach 30%. By 2015, the semiconductor lighting industry will enter the top three in the world. The United States regards the semiconductor lighting industry as an important starting point for revitalizing the manufacturing industry. The EU has invested heavily in building a common technology research and development platform for semiconductor lighting. Policy support has become an important boost to the development of the semiconductor lighting industry.
From the perspective of industrial distribution, the semiconductor lighting industry is mainly distributed in Europe, America, Japan and South Korea, Taiwan and mainland China. LED lighting industry chain mainly includes three parts: chip manufacturing, device packaging and product application.
Among them, the development of epitaxy and chips with the highest technical content is mainly in developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan. The packaging applications are mainly distributed in South Korea, Taiwan and mainland China. With the accumulation of technology and capital in LED manufacturers in South Korea and Taiwan, they are actively developing upstream chips and epitaxial materials. However, due to the huge market prospects, mainland China has become a hot spot for global industrial transfer.
Since 2000, semiconductor lighting technology has entered a period of rapid development. In 2011, the luminous efficiency of white LEDs has exceeded 130 lm/W, increasing by 10 lm/W per year. It is expected that the industrialization efficiency will reach 150 lm/W in 2015. At the same time, with the continuous development of technology, the luminous efficiency continues to increase, the market gradually expands, and the price of LED lighting is also declining. At present, the price of LED devices is 50-60 yuan/klm, which may fall to 1/1 in 2015. 5. Semiconductor lighting technology and its products are moving toward higher light efficiency, lower cost, more reliable, more diversified fields and wider application.
Thermometers include bimetallic thermometers, pressure thermometers and marine thermometers, which are suitable for detecting and controlling the liquid level of containers in shipbuilding and other industries.Bimetallic thermometer is a field detection instrument for measuring medium and low temperature. It can directly measure the temperature of liquid steam and gas medium in the range of - 80 ℃ - + 500 ℃ in various production processes. The main element of industrial bimetallic thermometer is a multilayer metal sheet composed of two or more metal sheets, which works based on the principle that two different metals have different expansion degrees when the temperature changes. It is composed of a bimetallic sheet wound into a circular bending shape. When one end is heated and expanded, the pointer is driven to rotate, and the working instrument will display the temperature value corresponding to the thermal potential.
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