Modern automotive electronics has entered a new stage with substantial changes and improvements from the application of previous electronic components to in-vehicle electronic systems. One of the most representative core devices is the smart sensor.
One, talking about automotive electronic control and safety systems
In recent years, China's automobile industry has grown rapidly, and the development momentum is very strong. Therefore, some experts have predicted that the automotive industry may surpass the IT industry and become one of the most important pillar industries of China's national economy. In fact, the growth of the automobile industry will certainly include the growth of the IT industry related to the automobile industry. For example, although the value content of electronic products and technologies in China's FAW products currently accounts for only about 10% to 15%, the value content of electronic products and technologies in foreign automobiles is about 22% on average. It has accounted for more than 30%, and this proportion is still and continuously growing rapidly, and it is expected to reach 50% soon.
Electronic information technology has become the leading factor in the development direction of a new generation of automobiles. Improvements and improvements in the dynamic performance, handling performance, safety performance and comfort performance of automobiles (motor vehicles) will depend on mechanical systems and structures and electronic products , The perfect combination of information technology. Experts in the automotive engineering community pointed out: The development of electronic technology has caused profound changes in the concept of automotive products. This is also one of the reasons why the electronic information industry has paid unprecedented attention to automotive electronics recently. However, it must be pointed out that, in addition to some in-car audio, video equipment, car communication, navigation systems, and in-vehicle office systems, network systems and other in-vehicle electronic equipment, the essential changes have been less Components (including sensors, actuators, microcircuits, etc.) to the car's electronic system architecture have entered a new stage of substantial improvement. One of the most representative core devices is the smart sensor (smart actuator, smart transmitter).
In fact, automotive electronics has gone through several stages of development: from the monitoring and control of circuits built by discrete electronic components, through the independent, dedicated, semi-automatic and automatic control systems constructed by electronic components or components plus microprocessors Now, it has entered a new stage of adopting high-speed buses (at least five or more buses have been developed and used) to exchange data of various electronic equipment and systems in the operation of automobiles in a unified manner and realize comprehensive and intelligent control. The new automotive electronic system is composed of various electronic control units (ECU), which can be independently controlled, and at the same time can be coordinated to the best state of the overall operation.
For example, in order to make the engine work in the best state, it is necessary to start from the measurement of the air flow and intake pressure of the suction cylinder, and then calculate the basic fuel injection amount according to the operating environment parameters such as water temperature and air temperature, and also pass the throttle position The sensor detects the opening of the throttle valve, determines the operating conditions of the engine, and then controls and adjusts the optimal fuel injection amount. Finally, the crankshaft angular velocity sensor needs to monitor the crankshaft angle and engine speed, and finally calculate and issue the command for the best ignition timing. . This engine fuel injection system and ignition integrated control system can also be combined with exhaust emission monitoring system and starting system to construct an intelligent system that can maximize the power and torque of the car engine while minimizing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.
You can also give an example of safe driving. For the purpose of smooth and safe driving, only for the control of four wheels. In addition to the application of a large number of pressure sensors and the general installation of the brake anti-lock brake device (ABS), many cars, Including domestic vehicles, an electronic power distribution system (EBD) has been added. ABS + EBD can maximize the stability of driving in rain and snow.
Now, some cars at home and abroad are further equipped with an emergency brake assist system (EBA), which automatically detects the speed and strength of the driver when pressing the brake pedal in an emergency, and judges whether the emergency braking force is sufficient , If necessary, will automatically increase the braking force. The self-control action of EBA must be completed in a very short time (for example, one millionth of a second). This system can shorten the braking taxi distance of the 200km / h high-speed driving vehicle by more than 20 meters. For the wheels, there is also an "Electronic Traction Control" (ETC) system that monitors the rotation speed of each wheel relative to the speed of the vehicle, and then distributes power for each wheel to ensure a good balanced grip between the wheels under harsh road conditions. Wait.
It can be clearly seen from the two examples listed above that some basic requirements of automotive development on automotive electronics:
1. The actions of the electronic control system must be fast, correct and reliable. Sensor (+ conditioning circuit) + microprocessor, and then through the microprocessor (+ power amplifier circuit) + actuator technology is no longer able to meet the requirements of modern cars, the need for hardware integration, direct data exchange and simplified circuit And increase the degree of intelligence to ensure the correctness, reliability and timeliness of the control unit action.
2. Now almost all the mechanical structural parts of automobiles have been controlled by electronic devices, but the space in automobile bodies is limited, and the space of component systems is extremely limited. The ideal situation is of course that the electronic control unit should be closely integrated with the controlled component to form a whole. Therefore, miniaturization and integration of devices and circuits are inevitable.
3. The electronic control unit must have a sufficient degree of intelligence. Take the airbag as an example, it must be able to be instantaneously and correctly opened at a critical moment, but the airbag is in standby for most of the time, so the ECU of the airbag must have self-test and self-maintenance capabilities, and constantly confirm The reliable operation of the airbag system ensures the "foolproof" action.
4. Various functional parts of the car have their own movement and handling characteristics, and for electronic products, most of them are in a very harsh operating environment and are different. Such as high temperature in working state, low temperature in stand-by, high concentration of oil vapor and active (toxic) gas, high-speed movement and high-intensity shock and vibration. Therefore, electronic components and circuits must have high stability, anti-environment and self-adaptive, self-compensation and adjustment capabilities.
5. As important as the above requirements, sometimes even a critical condition is that the electronic components and modules used in automotive electronic control units must be able to be mass-produced in an industrial scale and reduce the cost to an acceptable level. Some microsensors and smart sensors are examples of this. For example, the intelligent acceleration sensor not only can better meet the needs of modern automobiles, but also can be mass-produced on the integrated circuit standard silicon process line, and the production cost is low (a few dollars to a dozen or tens of dollars), so It has found its largest application market in the automobile industry, which in turn has effectively promoted the electronic informationization of the automobile industry.
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